Gli scienziati hanno scoperto un microbo che protegge completamente le zanzare dall'infezione da malaria.

Il team in Kenya e nel Regno Unito afferma che la scoperta è avvenuta “enorme potenziale” per controllare la malattia e potrebbe fungere da potenziale vaccino contro la malaria.

La malaria si diffonde attraverso il morso di zanzare infette, così proteggerli potrebbe a sua volta proteggere le persone.

I ricercatori stanno ora studiando se possono rilasciare zanzare infette in natura, o usare le spore per sopprimere la malattia.

La malaria si diffonde attraverso il morso di zanzare infette

Cos'è questo microbo?

The malaria-blocking bug, Microsporidia MB, was discovered by studying mosquitoes on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya. It lives in the gut and genitals of the insects.

The researchers could not find a single mosquito carrying the Microsporidia that was harbouring the malaria parasite. And lab experiments, pubblicato su Nature Communications, confirmed the microbe gave the mosquitoes protection.

Microsporidias are fungi, or at least closely related to them, and most are parasites.

tuttavia, this new species may be beneficial to the mosquito and was naturally found in around 5% of the insects studied.

How big a discovery is it?

“The data we have so far suggest it is 100% blockage, it’s a very severe blockage of malaria,” Dr Jeremy Herren, from the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) in Kenya told the BBC.

Ha aggiunto: “It will come as a quite a surprise. I think people will find that a real big breakthrough.”

Più di 400,000 people are killed by malaria each year, most of them children under the age of five.

While huge progress has been made through the use of bed nets and spraying homes with insecticide, this has stalled in recent years. It is widely agreed new tools are needed to tackle malaria.

Bed nets have helped cut the number of people infected with malaria around the world

How does the microbe stop malaria?

The fine details still need to be worked out.

But Microsporidia MB could be priming the mosquito’s immune system, so it is more able to fight off infections.

Or the presence of the microbe in the insect could be having a profound effect on the mosquito’s metabolism, making it inhospitable for the malaria parasite.

Microsporidia MB infections appear to be life-long. If anything, the experiments show they become more intense, so the malaria-blocking effect would be long-lasting.

When can this be used against malaria?

At the very least, 40% of mosquitoes in a region need to be infected with Microsporidia in order to make a significant dent in malaria.

The microbe can be passed between adult mosquitoes and is also passed from the female to her offspring.

Così, the researchers are investigating two main strategies for increasing the number of infected mosquitoes.

• Microsporidia form spores which could be released en masse to infect mosquitoes
• Male mosquitoes (which don’t bite) could be infected in the lab and released into the wild to infect the females when they have sex

“It’s a new discovery. We are very excited by its potential for malaria control. It has enormous potential,” Prof Steven Sinkins, from the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, ha detto alla BBC.

This concept of disease control using microbes is not unprecedented. A type of bacteria called Wolbachia has been shown to make it harder for mosquitoes to spread dengue fever in real-world trials.

The scientists need to understand how the microbe spreads, so they plan to perform more tests in Kenya.

tuttavia, questi approcci sono relativamente non controversi in quanto la specie si trova già nelle zanzare selvatiche e non sta introducendo qualcosa di nuovo.

Inoltre non ucciderebbe le zanzare, quindi non avrebbe alcun impatto sugli ecosistemi che dipendono da loro come cibo. Questo fa parte di altre strategie come un fungo killer che può collassare quasi completamente le popolazioni di zanzare in poche settimane.

Credito:

https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52530828